Unearthing Culture 
125 
Anth 
lro Pos 93.1998 
Past oscillations between ethnic labels and between 
subsistence strategies associated with them on the 
grounds of the transformations of a social system 
that entertains a sociality with two quite different 
Potentials. Given the expansion of hierarchical 
social systems only one of these potentials is being 
developed. 
Pield research with Hai||om was carried out for a total 
°f two years in several periods between 1990 and 1996. 
This research was funded by the University of London, 
the James A. Swan Fund (Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford) 
an d the Max-Planck Society. Field research with =fAoni 
"^s conducted between March and September 1996. It 
Wa s funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 
(German Society for Scientific Research) and by the 
Swan Fund in Oxford. I gratefully acknowledge this sup 
port- I also benefitted from comments and information 
provided by Christoph Brumann, Jan-Bart Gewald, Dag 
Henrichsen, Sabine Klocke-Daffa, and Walter Moritz in 
P e rsonal communication with me. I am thankful to the 
Government of Namibia for research permission over 
these years. Above all my thanks go to the Hai||om of 
iGornais and the ^Aoni of the ¡Khuiseb who allowed 
1116 to participate in their lives. 
References Cited 
Ba rnard, A. 
' 99 2 Hunters and Herders of Southern Africa. A Comparative 
Ethnography of the Khoisan Peoples. Cambridge: Cam 
bridge University Press. (Cambridge Studies in Social 
and Cultural Anthropology, 85) 
B °hig, m. 
1997 Contested Places. Graves and Graveyards in Himba 
Culture. Anthropos 92: 35-50. 
B °urdieu, P. 
2 Die feinen Unterschiede. Kritik der gesellschaftlichen 
Urteilskraft. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Verlag. [Orig. 1979] 
hudack, K. 
2 Der Unterhauptling bei den Khoe-khoen in Siidwestaf- 
197 r '^ a ' Journal of the SWA Scientific Society 26: 20-44. 
' The £Aonin or Topnaar of the Lower ¡Khuiseb Valley 
and the Sea. Johannesburg: African Studies Institute, 
University of the Witwatersrand. (Khoisan Linguistic 
1987 Studies - 3 ) 
A Harvesting People on the South Atlantic Coast. South 
African Journal of Ethnology 6/2: 1-7. 
IQ»' 1 ? 1 “ 1861 '’ U - 
Social and Spatial Mobility along the Kuiseb River in 
the Namib Desert, Namibia. [Unpublished M. A. Thesis, 
University of Cape Town, Rondebosch] 
T. 
Ethnicity and Nationalism. Anthropological Perspec 
tives. London: Pluto Press. 
Fuller, B. 
1993 Institutional Appropriation and Social Change among 
Agropastoralists in Central Namibia, 1916-1988. [Un 
published Ph. D. Thesis, Boston University, Boston] 
Hoernle, W. 
1985 The Social Organization of the Nama. And Other Es 
says (Ed. by P. Carstens). Johannesburg: Witwatersrand 
University Press. 
1987 Trails in the Thirstland. The Anthropological Field Dia 
ries of Winifred Hoernle (Ed. by P. Carstens, G. Kling- 
hardt and M. West). Rondebosch: Centre for African 
Studies, University of Cape Town. 
Klocke-Daffa, S. 
in preparation “Wenn du hast, mußt du geben”. Soziale Si 
cherheit im Ritus und im Alltag bei den |Hei-|Khauan 
in Namibia. [Ph. D. Thesis, Westfälische Wilhelms-Uni 
versität, Münster] 
Köhler, O. 
1969 Die Topnaar-Hottentotten am unteren Kuiseb. In: The 
Ethnological Section, Dept, of Bantu Administration 
and Development (ed.), Ethnological and Linguistic 
Studies in Honor of N. J. van Warmelo; pp. 99-122. 
Pretoria: The Government Printer. 
Kooitjie, S. 
n. d. Historic Overview of the |Aonin [sic] (Topnaar), Khoi- 
khoi. [Unpublished manuscript] 
Kolb, P. 
1979 Unter Hottentotten. 1705-1713. Die Aufzeichnungen 
von Peter Kolb. Tübingen: Erdmann. [1719] 
Moritz, W. 
1981 Zur Sippenordnung der Topnaar. Namibiana 3/2: 81-86. 
1992 Die Nara, das Brot in der Wüste. Aus alten Tagen in 
Südwest, 11. (Windhoek) 
1997 Verwehte Spuren in der Namibwüste. Alte Ansied 
lungen am Kuiseb. Aus alten Tagen in Südwest, 13. 
(Windhoek) 
Ranger, T. 
1983 The Invention of Tradition in Colonial Africa. In: 
E. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger (eds.), The Invention of 
Tradition; pp. 211—262. Cambridge: Cambridge Univer 
sity Press. 
Sands, B. 
1997 The Linguistic Relationship between Hadza and Khoi 
san. Paper presented at the Symposium “Hunter-Gath 
erers in Transition,” 5-7 January 1997, St. Augustin. 
Schapera, I. 
1930 The Khoisan Peoples of South Africa. Bushmen and 
Hottentots. London: Routledge. 
Silberbauer, G. 
1982 Political Process in G/wi Bands. In: E. Leacock and 
R. Lee (eds.), Politics and History in Band Societies; 
pp. 23-35. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 
Sydow, W. 
1973 Contributions to the History and Protohistory of the 
Topnaar Strandloper Settlement at the Kuiseb River 
Mouth near Walvis Bay. South African Archaeological 
Bulletin 28: 73-77.