Anthropos: Anthropos, 49.1954

Anthropos, 84.1989,1/6

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Werks-URN (URL):: https://digi.evifa.de/viewer/resolver?urn=urn:nbn:de:kobv:11-714789

URN:: urn:nbn:de:kobv:11-714789

Persistenter Identifier:: BV041701500

Titel:: Anthropos

Untertitel:: internationale Zeitschrift für Völker- u. Sprachenkunde

Weitere Titel:: Anthropos

Erscheinungsort:: Fribourg

Verlag:: Ed. St. Paul, Anthropos-Institut

Erscheinungsjahr:: 1906

Sammlung:: Zeitschriften und Zeitungen > Zeitschriften zur Ethnologie

Wissensgebiet:: Sozial- und Kulturanthropologie > Allgemeines

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Strukturtyp:: Zeitschriftenband

Werks-URN (URL):: https://digi.evifa.de/viewer/resolver?urn=urn:nbn:de:kobv:11-709675

URN:: urn:nbn:de:kobv:11-709675

Persistenter Identifier:: DE-11-001896203

Titel:: Anthropos, 49.1954

Erscheinungsjahr:: 1954

Signatur:: LA 1118-49

Sammlung:: Zeitschriften und Zeitungen > Zeitschriften zur Ethnologie

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Sammlung:: Zeitschriften und Zeitungen > Zeitschriften zur Ethnologie

Anthropos 84.1989 54 Robert К. Hitchcock and James I. Ebert 4. -i- Fig. 2: Map of Botswana showing the distribution of some of the major Basarwa groups in Botswana. The numbers corre spond to the following groups: 1. IKung, 2. G/wi, 3. !Xo, 4. Nharo, and 5. Kùa. are small and are made up of aggregates of families along with individuals who may be friends or have other kinds of ties to people in the co-residential unit. The bands are often made up of cores of sib lings who are related closely to one another through kinship or marriage. Group sizes tend to be small, averaging between 25 and 30 persons, de pending on the season, and they are flexible in composition. Division of labor is along the lines of age and sex. Sharing of food and goods both within and between groups is crucial to Basarwa adaptive success. The foraging lifeway in the Kalahari is charac terized not only by small group size but also by low levels of population density and by land use pat terns which incorporate extensive areas. The ranges of foraging groups in the Kalahari are struc tured in such a way as to incorporate all the basic resources that the groups need to sustain them selves. Since resources and water points are not distributed evenly over the landscape, there are variations in the size, shape, and productivity of various ranges. A common characteristic of Basar wa groups is that they have reciprocal access to re sources in different areas. Social, economic, and other kinds of ties among groups living long dis tances from one another serve to facilitate move ment from one area to another in the Kalahari. An examination of the ethnographic literature on the Basarwa reveals that there are a number of different resource procurement and mobility strategies employed in the Kalahari. Comparative analyses of territoriality and settlement patterns have been done of four major Basarwa groups: The !Kung, the G/wi, the !Xo, and the Nharo (Na- ron) (Barnard 1979; Cashdan 1983). Table 2 pro vides data on the group sizes, mobility, and range sizes of Basarwa populations in Botswana. It can be seen that there is a fairly wide range of variation in these data. Part of the reason for the variation in group sizes and ranges covered is that there is a signifi cant amount of environmental variability in the Kalahari. Far from being an undifferentiated sandy plain, the Kalahari has a wide variety of hab itats, including huge open salt flats, riverine gallery forests, and sand dunes now fixed with vegetation. It must be pointed out that the northwestern Kala hari Desert, where the !Kung reside, has a greater abundance of water resources and a greater variety of edible plants than other areas. This is particular ly important in light of the fact that the mongongo nut (Ricinodondron rautanenii) makes up a sub stantial portion of the !Kung diet (Lee 1979: 168, 182-204). In general, IKung tend to move fewer times than other groups, and they also tend to ex ploit smaller ranges. As shown in Table 2, the av erage number of moves for Dobe IKung is 5-6 times per year, while the average range size is from 300-600 square kilometers (Lee 1965: 47; 1979: 334). The figures for groups in the Central Kalahari differ substantially from those of the IKung. The G/wi, for example, move between six and fifteen times per year, and they cover an area of nearly 800 square kilometers (Silberbauer 1972: 295-297; 1981a: 193, 196, 246; 1981b: 460). The G/wi lack the staple plant resource of the IKung, and their ar ea is lacking in permanent sources of water. It is clear, therefore, that the availability of water and the density and nature of plant resources is crucial to mobility strategies in the Kalahari. It is interesting to note that the G/wi and IKung have two completely different patterns of aggregation and dispersal. Whereas the IKung ag gregate at water holes in the dry season and dis perse into small, often family-sized groups in the wet season, the G/wi do just the opposite. The G/wi aggregate in multi-family groups during the wet season, particularly in areas where water has collected in pans, and they disperse into small fam ily units in the dry season (Tanaka 1969; Silber bauer 1965,1972,1981a, 1981b). Since there is lit tle, if any, water available on the surface during the

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