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Anthropos, 79.1984

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Bibliographische Daten

fullscreen: Anthropos, 79.1984

Zeitschrift

Strukturtyp:
Zeitschrift
Werks-URN (URL):
https://digi.evifa.de/viewer/resolver?urn=urn:nbn:de:kobv:11-714820
URN:
urn:nbn:de:kobv:11-714820
Persistenter Identifier:
BV043334262
Titel:
Anthropos
Erscheinungsort:
Fribourg
Verlag:
Ed. St. Paul
Erscheinungsjahr:
1906
Sammlung:
Zeitschriften und Zeitungen > Zeitschriften zur Ethnologie
Wissensgebiet:
Sozial- und Kulturanthropologie > Allgemeines

Zeitschriftenband

Strukturtyp:
Zeitschriftenband
Werks-URN (URL):
https://digi.evifa.de/viewer/resolver?urn=urn:nbn:de:kobv:11-711819
URN:
urn:nbn:de:kobv:11-711819
Persistenter Identifier:
1512370864325
Titel:
Anthropos, 79.1984
Erscheinungsjahr:
1984
Signatur:
LA 1118
Sammlung:
Zeitschriften und Zeitungen > Zeitschriften zur Ethnologie

Zeitschriftenheft

Strukturtyp:
Zeitschriftenheft
Titel:
Bd. 79, 1984, Heft 1-3
Sammlung:
Zeitschriften und Zeitungen > Zeitschriften zur Ethnologie

Zeitschriftenartikel

Strukturtyp:
Zeitschriftenartikel
Titel:
Language, Geography, and History: The Case of Ethiopian Semitic
Sonstige Person:
Fellman, Jack
Sammlung:
Zeitschriften und Zeitungen > Zeitschriften zur Ethnologie

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Inhaltsverzeichnis

  • Anthropos
  • Anthropos, 79.1984
  • Vorderer Einband
  • Vorderer Buchspiegel
  • Vorsatzblatt
  • Leerseite
  • Vorblatt
  • Titelseite
  • Impressum
  • Inhaltsverzeichnis: Autorenindex
  • Inhaltsverzeichnis: Rezensenten
  • Inhaltsverzeichnis: Geographischer Index
  • Inhaltsverzeichnis: Sachindex
  • Leerseite
  • Zeitschriftenheft: Bd. 79, 1984, Heft 1-3
  • Ebong, Inih A.: Mask and Masking: A Survey of Their Universal Application to Theatre Practice
  • Kar, R. K.: Labour Pattern and Absenteeism: A Case Study in Tea Plantation in Assam, India
  • Huber, Hugo: Die polygyne Gehöftsgemeinschaft der Simbětě (Tansania): Zentrale Autorität und Matrisegmente
  • Larson, Thomas J.: Kabiye Fetish Religion: A Comparative Study
  • Suzuki, Peter T.: The Limitations of Structuralism, and Autochthonous Principles for Urban Planning and Design in Indonesia: The Case of Nias
  • Leerseite
  • Adediran, 'Biodun: The Structure of Administration of Pre-Colonial Idaisa
  • Leerseite
  • Kreiner, Josef: Betrachtungen zu 60 Jahren japanischer Völkerkunde in Memoriam Masao Oka
  • Edwards, Adrian Campion: On the Non-Existence of an Ancestor Cult among the Tiv
  • Nevadomsky, Joseph: Marital Discord and Dissolution among the Hindu East Indians in Rural Trinidad
  • Surgy, Albert de: Origine et fonction humanisante de la mort selon les Mwaba (Togo du nord)
  • Leerseite
  • Nwanunobi, C. Onyeka: The Deus Otiosus Concept in Traditional Igbo Religion: An Examination through Transactional Analysis
  • Sontheimer, Günther D.: The Mallāri/Khaṇḍobā Myth as Reflected in Folk Art and Ritual
  • Arhem, Kaj: Vida y muerte en la Amazonía Colombiana: Un relato etnográfico macuna
  • Leerseite
  • Roese, Peter M.: Das Königreich Benin - von den Anfängen bis 1485
  • Höllmann, Thomas O.: Tabakanbau und -genuß bei den nichtchinesischen Ethnien Taiwans
  • Leerseite
  • Windekens, A. J. Van: [Berichte und Kommentare] Note sur le nom de ta divinité chtonienne grecque Aaeloga
  • Kilson, Marion: Spider and Royal Antelope in Sierra Leone
  • Fleisher, Mark Stewart: Hesquiat Kinship Terminology: Social Structure and Symbolic World View Categories
  • Gogoi, P.: A Method for Preparation of Beer from Rice (Country Liquor) Used by the People of Mongolian Origin Residing in the State of Assam, India
  • Bronner, Simon J.: Folklore and the Behavioral Sciences
  • Fellman, Jack: Language, Geography, and History: The Case of Ethiopian Semitic
  • Fellman, Jack: The Formative Period in Tigrinya Linguistics
  • Horedt, Kurt: Beziehungen zwischen den Bilderschriften der Osterinsel und des Gallehus-Horns A (1639)
  • Chikwendu, V. E.: More Bronzes from Eastern Nigeria
  • Burgmann, Arnold: Der "Rat für die Kultur"
  • New Society on Latin American Indian Literatures
  • Zeitschriftenrezension: Rezensionen
  • Literaturverzeichnis: Neue Publikationen
  • Literaturverzeichnis: Zeitschriftenschau
  • Miszellen
  • Sonstiges: Style Guide and Information for Authors
  • Autorenindex
  • Zeitschriftenheft: Bd. 79, 1984, Heft 4-6
  • Leerseite
  • Leerseite
  • Nachsatzblatt
  • Hinterer Buchspiegel
  • Hinterer Einband
  • Farbkeil

Volltext

256 
Berichte und Kommentare 
Anthropos 79.1984 
Language, Geography, and History: The 
Case of Ethiopian Semitic 
Jack Fellman 
A glance at a linguistic map of Semitic Ethiopia reveals 
an interesting picture. A generally continuous bloc of three 
Semitic languages runs from Eritrea through the north, 
central, and southern Ethiopian highlands to the capital 
Addis Ababa, and includes, from north to south, Tigré, 
Tigrinya, and Amharic. Further, at each extremity of the 
Amharic bloc, one finds a relic Semitic language: in the west, 
Gafat near Debre Markos, recently extinct; and in the east, 
Argobba, spoken in the general vicinity of Ankober, and 
clearly obsolescent. Moreover, outside the Amharic bloc, 
one further finds tiny Semitic islands floating in a vast 
Cushitic sea of languages: to the east, some 350 miles from 
Addis Ababa, Harari, spoken only within the walled city of 
Harar, and clearly obsolescent; just outside of Harar, another 
patch of the above-mentioned Argobba, recently extinct; and 
100 miles southwest of Addis Ababa, in a small region 
bounded by Lake Zway and the Omo and Awash Rivers, a 
cluster of some twelve Ethiopian Semitic tongues, plus their 
dialects and subdialects, usually divided in the literature into 
three mutually unintelligible groups, Northern, Eastern, and 
Western Gurage. The historical reasons for this rather 
strange positioning, patterning, and clustering of languages 
are not known. Indeed, the history of the Ethiopian Semitic 
group is shrouded in obscurity, their documentation begin 
ning only in the modern period. In this, Ethiopia and her 
languages are not different from other African countries and 
their tongues. Further, the linguistic relations among the 
Ethiopian Semitic tongues are also somewhat puzzling. 
While, taken as a group, they show many family resemblan 
ces and form a generally homogeneous, compact, and clearly 
delimited branch of Semitic, each tongue has its own 
distinctive and independent identity, and - with the excep 
tion of Argobba, which is clearly a conservative dialect of 
Amharic - none of the languages are mutually comprehen 
sible. Tigré is closest to Tigrinya; Gafat to Northern Gurage; 
Harari to Eastern Gurage. The other languages are sui 
generis. To correlate the above geographical and linguistic 
data and to find a satisfactory explanation for them is the 
purpose of this brief paper. This will be done by postulating 
certain historical developments. It is hoped that our diachro 
nic reconstruction will help elucidate the synchronic situa 
tion outlined above, and that thus the ties between language, 
geography, and history in the Ethiopian Semitic context will 
become patent. 
It is understood in the literature that the Ethiopian 
Semitic group of languages is not indigenous to Ethiopia. 
Rather, Semitic was imported, via merchants and colonizers, 
into northern Ethiopia via Yemen some time in the second 
millennium B.C. and superimposed on a native Cushitic- 
speaking (especially Agaw) population. A Semitic-Cushitic 
symbiosis developed, with the Semitic component dominant 
linguistically. From this symbiosis ultimately arose Classical 
Ethiopie (Ge’ez), attested in writing from the beginning of 
the first millennium. Ge’ez was the official language of the 
Axumite Empire (third-eighth centuries), and as such was 
used and/or understood over a rather large section of the 
north Ethiopian plateau region and adjacent areas. As in 
similar circumstances elsewhere, spoken Ge’ez ultimately 
developed local dialect clusters. The northern ones under 
went Bedawye and northern Agaw influence and produced 
Tigré, while the southern ones underwent strong Agaw 
influence and produced Tigrinya. As time went on, these two 
tongues grew increasingly apart, as the two areas in which 
they are used are physically (lowland vs. highland), ecologi 
cally (nomadic vs. agriculturalist), and culturally-religiously 
(Islamic vs. Christian) different. 
With the decline of the Axumite Empire, especially 
pursuant to the rise of Islam, north Ethiopia and her 
languages sank in importance - although Ge’ez, having died 
meanwhile in speech, remained for centuries as the official 
and written language of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. 
Still, the thrust of Ethiopian society moved southward, to the 
central and southerly parts of the highland plateau. Semitic 
speaking colonizers, soldiers, traders, clergy, royalty, and so 
on moved south, and ultimately new dialect clusters were 
formed, again on various Cushitic (and again especially 
Agaw) substrata. In particular, those Semitic speakers who 
migrated to the southwest underwent Southern Agaw and 
Sidamo influence and produced the Gafat-Northern Gurage 
cluster; those who migrated to the southeast underwent 
Southern Agaw, Somali, and Galla influence and produced 
the Harari-Eastern Gurage cluster; those who went into the 
deepest south underwent Agaw, Galla, and strong Sidamo 
influence and produced the Western Gurage cluster; while 
those who stayed closest to the northern areas underwent 
Agaw and Sidamo influence and produced the Amharic- 
Argobba cluster. The last cluster was, throughout the 
centuries following, the dominant one, Amharic being the 
language of royal court and aristocracy, continually expan 
ding and influencing other tongues. This common Amharic 
superstratum coupled with the common Agaw substratum 
kept Ethiopian Semitic within common family lines. 
Everywhere the above clusters were generally continu 
ous in their respective areas - indeed it may well be that all of 
Semitic Ethiopia formed a continuous dialect area. This too 
could not but keep the several tongues within common 
linguistic limits. Of particular interest is that the Gafat- 
Northern Gurage and the Harari-Eastern Gurage clusters 
ultimately converged in the south with the Western Gurage 
cluster. This led to these groups becoming, at least superfi 
cially, more similar one to another. However, the repeated 
upheavals in medieval Ethiopia - and especially the sixteenth- 
century war against the Moslems and the subsequent Galla 
invasions - completely convulsed the Ethiopian plateau, and, 
what is of most relevance here, the above dialect continua. In 
particular, the Gafat-Northern Gurage and the Harari- 
Eastern Gurage continua were to all intents and purposes 
destroyed. Gafat became completely isolated from Northern 
Gurage, and similarly Harari from Eastern Gurage. Thus, the 
tongues grew increasingly apart. This, besides the disappe 
arance of their connecting dialect links, led to the languages’ 
complete mutual unintelligibility. By contrast, the now 
isolated Northern, Eastern, and Western Gurage cluster 
began growing even closer, as the three groups were now 
thrown together as Semitic outposts in a vast Cushitic area.
	        

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