Anthropos: Anthropos, 65.1970

Anthropos, 65.1970

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Strukturtyp:: Zeitschrift

Werks-URN (URL):: https://digi.evifa.de/viewer/resolver?urn=urn:nbn:de:kobv:11-714820

URN:: urn:nbn:de:kobv:11-714820

Persistenter Identifier:: BV043334262

Titel:: Anthropos

Untertitel:: internationale Zeitschrift für Völker- u. Sprachenkunde

Erscheinungsort:: Fribourg

Verlag:: Ed. St. Paul

Erscheinungsjahr:: 1906

Sammlung:: Zeitschriften und Zeitungen > Zeitschriften zur Ethnologie

Wissensgebiet:: Sozial- und Kulturanthropologie > Allgemeines

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Strukturtyp:: Zeitschriftenband

Werks-URN (URL):: https://digi.evifa.de/viewer/resolver?urn=urn:nbn:de:kobv:11-711761

URN:: urn:nbn:de:kobv:11-711761

Persistenter Identifier:: 1510227653376

Titel:: Anthropos, 65.1970

Erscheinungsjahr:: 1970

Signatur:: LA 1118

Sammlung:: Zeitschriften und Zeitungen > Zeitschriften zur Ethnologie

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Strukturtyp:: Farbkeil

Sammlung:: Zeitschriften und Zeitungen > Zeitschriften zur Ethnologie

94 William A. Noble Anthropos 71.1976 Kotas, who are fighting for equality and more prestige, have become increas ingly reluctant to play subservient roles. And they may also take advantage of non-traditional cash flow markets. Although some Irula lowlanders raise wet rice, both the Irulas and Kurumbas occupying the outer Nilgiri slopes remain subsistence millet farmers (Map3). They were once shifting cultivators, but the 1881-84 Final Land Settlement has greatly restricted that practice. Over fifty plant species, growing together, were observed by the writer in Irula gardens. These are typically located near dwellings. Kurumba gardens are similarly located, but are gener ally not so well developed. Plants now common in gardens are the banana, chili, coffee, edible canna, jack, mango, papaya, sweet potato, tapioca, taro, and yam. Many of the Irulas and Kurumbas are presently employed as laborers on neighboring commercial plantations. In addition, the Kurumbas use bamboo and rattan to make baskets for other Nilgiri people, and serve as musicians. They are the healers and magicians. Their practicioners, for example, perform ritual before Badagas sow and harvest their grains. When ill, some Badagas will still turn to Kurumba medicine men for aid. The Irula population has grown from 1,470 to 4,502, and in the same ninety years the number of Kurum bas has increased from 613 to 1,174 (Grigg et al. 1880: 30; Nambiar et al. 1965: 254). II. Stone Circles During a 1962-63 survey stone circles were found mainly above or close to 1829 meters (6000 feet) and in the northwestern Nilgiris or close to the northern rim (Map 2). However, some stone circles are or were sprinkled over the region to the south and east. Literary references to stone circles, and partic ularly the 1873 publication by James W. Breeks, substantiate both their observed concentration and wider distribution elsewhere. A correlation exists between stone circle distribution and the presence of grasslands and past or present pastoral centers. The Toda heartland is in the northwestern Nilgiris and there are or were other Toda hamlets close to the northern rim. At the Badaga hamlet of Bergani, close to the northern rim, a herd of sacred buffaloes is maintained. On summits near Bergani there are stone circles (Francis 1908: 317). Breeks (1873: 82-83, 85, 86-87, 95) excavated stone circles located near Bergani and the northeastern Toda hamlets within the Kodanad area. But also notice the past or present existence of Todas in the area encompassing Coonoor and stretching to the south and west. Stone circles in this area were excavated, and artifacts from at least one circle are in the British Museum, London (Congreve 1847: 95, 111, 145; Walhouse 1873: 276-277 and a plate). Most stone circles stand on or close to the summits of the highest peaks, but there are also exceptional ones in adjacent lowlying areas. There are sites with a single circle, but others have several. Their builders sometimes strung circles over the most conspicuous summits (PI. 1 a). An ideal example of this is on Seven Fort Hill, close to the easternmost Kota village. Here there are seven piled stone circles in a distance of 112 meters (368 feet). These have vertical

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