70 Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 115 (1990)
Tab. 3
SCCS-Codebook Variables Pearson’s r Significance Sample
Var. # (p) (N)
Frequency of violent conflict
469 Affection 2.24 .02 69
(Early Boyhood)
471 Affection 20 .04 68
(Late Boyhood)
The last theory takes us to peaceful societies. Ashley Montagu proposed “… that early
conditioning in cooperative behavior and the discouragement of anything resembling
aggressive behavior serve to make a society essentially unaggressive and cooperative"
(Montagu 1978: 9). In his article in 1986 Ross has used among other socialization
variables three that were especially related to cooperation. These variables measure the
degree of the inculcation of values such as trust, honesty and generosity in children.
The variables were coded by Barry III et al. (1976). They were not rated differentially
for the two stages of childhood.
These three socialization variables are:
*Inculcation of Generosity" that refers to the encouragement of the actual behav-
ior rather than an attitude. Examples are: giving and sharing of food, possessions, or
services to others of the community or outsiders.
The variable *Inculcation of Trust" or *Mutual Confidence" refers to confidence
in social relationship, especially toward community members outside the family. For
example, children are welcome in any home in the village, possessions are left un-
guarded.
Finally, *Honesty" refers to the desire for and strong approval of truthfulness.
Stealing or other criminal or anti-social behavior by children indicate low honesty.
(Barry III et al. 1976: 95)
The statistical results confirm the proposed relationship (s. Tab. 4).
Tab. 4
SCCS-Codebook Variables Pearson's r Significance Sample
Var. # (p) (N)
Frequency of violent conflict
334 Generosity = 40 <= .01 49
335 Trust 7.98 «0l 58
336 Honesty — 43 « .01 54
Each of the three variables “Inculcation of Generosity”, “Trust” and “Honesty”
shows a strong effect with low frequency of violent conflict. According to Schweizer
and Lang (1989) the given sample sizes and the Pearson’s r values are sufficient in order
to accept this hypothesis.